20 Mart 2019 tarihinde merkez üssü Denizli ili Acýpayam ilçesinin Yeniköy mahallesi sýnýrlarý içerisinde 5.5 (Mw) büyüklüðünde meydana gelen deprem sonucunda, Acýpayam ovasý içindeki yerleþim yerlerinde yýðma yapýlarda aðýr hasarlar meydana gelmiþtir. Ova içinde yeraltýsuyu derinliði zemin yüzeyinden 1 m-4.5 m arasýnda deðiþmektedir ve zemin yapýsý genellikle siltli çakýllý ve kumlu kil biriminden oluþmaktadýr. 5.5 büyüklüðündeki deprem sonrasý ova içerisinde zemin sývýlaþmasý gözlenmemiþtir. Yapýlardaki aðýr hasarlarýn ana nedeni, zemin büyütmesinin yüksek olduðu yerleþim yerlerinde kerpiç, biriket ve delikli tuðla ile yapýlmýþ yýðma yapýlarýn olmasý, ve betonarme yapýlarda da kaçak ve dayanýmsýz yýðma çatý katlarýnýn inþa edilmesinden kaynaklanmýþtýr.

An earthquake with a magnitude of (Mw) 5.5 occurred in Yeniköy village of Acýpayam district (Denizli) on 20 Mart 2019 caused heavy damages on masonary structures in Acýpayam basin. Groundwater level from ground surface in the basin varies between 1m and 11m, and soil sturucture of the basin is made up of sillty, gravely and sandy caly. Soil liequfaction was not observed in the basin after the earthquake. The main reasons of the heavy damage on the structures are mainly, high value of soil amplification, use of clayey adobe bricks and hollow bricks for building masonary houses, unpermitted construction of roof floors by using hollow bricks.

Kaya ortamlarda çökme türü yer deðiþtirmelere neden olan önemli yapýsal kusurlar, süreksizlikler (kýrýk-çatlak-fay) ve karstik boþluklardýr. Karstik boþluklarýn konum ve geometrilerine baðlý olarak hem temel kayada hem de örtü tabakasýnda obruklar oluþabilmektedir. Obruk oluþumu, birinci derecede, karstik yapý içeren karbonatlý kayaçlarýn varlýðý ve bunlarý örten gevþek ve zayýf malzemenin olup olmamasýna baðlýdýr.
Afþin-Elbistan maden sahasýnda 2011 yýlýnda yaþanan heyelanlardan sonra madencilik faaliyetinin yeniden baþlatýlmasý için kömürlü çökellerin tabanýnda bulunan karstik basýnçlý akiferin hidrolik yükünün düþürülmesi planlanmýþtýr. Bu amaca yönelik susuzlaþtýrma kuyularý Ocak-2015 ayýndan itibaren iþletmeye alýnmaya baþlanmýþtýr. Havza kenarýnda ilki, bu tarihten iki hafta sonra olmak üzere 6 ayda toplam 5 adet obruk oluþmuþtur. Maden Sahasýnda obruk oluþum mekanizmasýnýn anlaþýlmasýna ve potansiyel obruk alanlarýnýn belirlenmesine yönelik olarak yoðun bir araþtýrma ve inceleme programý yürütülmüþtür. Bu kapsamda havzanýn jeomorfolojik, jeolojik, hidrolojik, hidrojeolojik ve jeomekanik modelleri oluþturulmuþ ve hazýrlanan veri tabanýna eklenmiþtir. Coðrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) tabanlý bir analiz yönteminden yararlanýlarak obruk oluþumunu belirleyen parametrelerin alansal daðýlýmýný gösteren tematik haritalar hazýrlanmýþtýr. Obruk oluþumunda parametrelerin etki derecesi ve aðýrlýk katsayýlarýnýn belirlenmesinde çok ölçütlü karar verme analizlerinden biri olan Analitik Hiyerarþi Süreci (AHS) yaklaþýmý benimsenmiþtir. Sýnýflandýrma ve aðýrlýklandýrma iþlemi yapýlan tüm parametreler kullanýlarak Obruk Hassasiyet Ýndeksi (SSI) hesaplanmýþtýr. SSI deðeri ortamýn obruk oluþumuna karþý hassasiyetini ifade eder. Yüksek SSI deðeri ortamýn obruk oluþumuna karþý hassasiyetin yüksek olduðunu göstermektedir. Ýnceleme alanýnda en yüksek SSI deðerlerinin havza kenarýna karþýlýk geldiði belirlenmiþ ve oluþan obruklarýn da ayný bölgede yer aldýðý görülmüþtür.

The major structural defects that cause the displacement in rock are discontinuities (fracture-joint-fault) and karstic cavities. Depending on the position and geometry of the karstic cavities, sinkholes occur both within the bedrock and in the cover layers. Occurance of sinkholes primarily depends on existence of carbonate rocks containing sub-surface karstic cavities and loose and weak cover layers.
Following the landslides occured in 2011, it was planned to reduce the hydraulic head of the karstic aquifer which lies at the bottom of the coal-bearing layers in order to restart the mining activity in Afþin-Elbistan Coal Basin. For this purpose, dewatering wells were drilled in January 2015. Two weeks after the drilling, the first sinkhole occured at the southwestern edge of the basin and during the following six months four other sinkholes occured close to the first one. The geological, hydrological, hydrogeological and geo-mechanical models of the basin has been composed in order to understand the mechanism of sinkhole occurence in the Afþin-Elbistan Coal Basin. Thematic maps showing the spatial distribution of parameters which determine the formation of sinkholes were obtained by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based analysis method. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making analyzes, has been adopted in determining the impact and weight coefficients of each effective parameter which plays a role in occurance of the sinkholes. The Sinkhole Susceptibility Index (SSI) was calculated by using all parameters which were classified and weighted. The SSI refers to the susceptibility of sinkhole occurance. The higher value of the SSI means that the risk of potential occurrence of a sinkhole is high. Calculated SSI in the study area ranges from 9 to 110 and the higher values were obtained for the area corresponding to the margin of the basin where the sinkholes occurred.

Arazi kullaným planlamasý, sürdürülebilir kalkýnma süreclerinin merkezinde yer almakta olup, jeo-çevresel þartlara uyumlu bir þekilde yapýlandýrýlmalýdýr. Bu çalýþmada, Denizli kent merkezinde 1984 ve 2018 yýllarý arasýnda arazi kullanýmýnda meydana gelen deðiþimler belirlenmiþtir. Analizlerde, 1984 ve 2018 yýllarý için sýrasýyla Landsat-5 TM ve Landsat-8 OLI görüntüleri kullanýlmýþtýr. Uydu görüntülerinde ön iþlem aþamasýnda geometrik, radyometrik kalibrasyon ve atmosferik düzeltmeler uygulanmýþtýr. Arazi kullanýmý deðiþim tespiti, kontrollü sýnýflandýrmalardan, Spektral Açý Haritalama yöntemi kullanýlarak gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Sýnýflandýrmanýn doðruluðu kappa indeksi ile deðerlendirilmiþ olup 1984 yýlý için 0.80, 2018 yýlý için 0.87 olarak bulunmuþtur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 1984 ile 2018 yýllarý arasýnda yerleþim ve orman alanlarýnda sýrasýyla %155 ve %96’lýk artýþ meydana gelirken, tarým ve çýplak arazilerde ise %52 ve %40’lýk oranlar da azalma gözlenmiþtir. Yerleþim alanlarýnýn büyük çoðunluðunun, aktif fay zonlarýna yakýn bölgelerde arttýðý belirlenmiþtir. Buna göre, çalýþma alanýnda yer alan aktif faylara 500 m’lik zonlar içerisinde, 1984 ile 2018 yýllarý arasýnda yapýlaþma alanlarýndaki artýþ, % 240 olarak tespit edilmiþtir.

Land use planning is central for a sustainable development processes and should be structured in harmony with geo-environmental constrains. In this study, land use change detection was determined in Denizli residential area between the years 1984 and 2018. In the analyses, Landsat-5TM and Landsat-8 OLI images were used for 1984 and 2018, respectively. The geometric, radiometric calibration and atmospheric corrections were applied to the satellite images in pre-processing stage. Land use change detection was performed using supervised classification -Spectral Angle Mapper- method. Accuracy of the classifications was evaluated by the kappa index, which was 0.80 for 1984 and 0.87 for 2018 image. According to the results, between 1984 and 2018 there was an increase of 155% and 96 % in built up and forest areas, while 52% and 40% decrease were observed in agriculture and bare land, respectively. It was also determined that the majority of the settlement areas increased in regions close to active fault zones. Accordingly, the built up areas within the 500 m buffer zone to the active faults were increased by 240 % from 1984 to 2018

Kaya kütlesinin yenilme kriteri yüzey ve yeraltý yapýlarýnýn tasarýmýnda en önemli temeldir. Ancak, çatlaklý kaya kütlesinin davranýþý ve kýrýlma koþulu günümüzde de kaya mekaniðinin merak edilen konularý arasýndadýr. Bu tartýþmalarýn esas nedeni jeoteknik uygulamalar sýrasýnda veya sonrasýnda karþýlaþýlan problemlerdir. Bu konudaki, deneye dayalý ve teorik yaklaþýmlardan bazýlarý, mühendislik kanaatleri ile uyumlu ve karar verme sürecine yardýmcý olmalarý nedeniyle sýk kullanýlmaktadýr. Uygulamanýn boyutuna baðlý sistem büyüklüðü kavramýnýn öne çýkarýldýðý güncel çalýþmalar, mevcut yenilme kriterlerinin kuþkuyla sorgulanýr olduðuna iþaret etmektedir. Pratikte yaygýn kullanýlan Mohr-Coulomb yenilme kriterinin çok cisimden oluþan süreksiz ortamlarýn (çatlaklý kaya) yenilme koþulunu tam olarak temsil edemeyeceði açýktýr. Kayanýn süreksiz bir ortam karakteri taþýmasý nedeniyle, 1970’lerden itibaren arayýþ içerisine girilmiþ, 1980’li yýllarda önerilen ve günümüze kadar birçok kez modifiye edilen Hoek-Brown yenilme kriteri uygulamada kabullenilmiþtir. Ancak, bu yenilme ölçütünde kullanýlan ve farklý türden kayalar için önerilen ampirik parametrelerin de tartýþmaya açýk olduðu bilinmektedir. Makalede, bu gerçekten hareketle, laboratuvar ölçeðinde fiziksel olarak çatlaklý kayaya önceden benzetilen mikro-fissürlü model malzemesi üzerinde sürdürülen mekanik deney sonuçlarý tartýþýlmýþtýr. Model malzemesi olarak ýsýl iþlemle tane sýnýrlarý farklý düzeylerde örselenen mermer örnekleri kullanýlmýþtýr. Sürekli yenilme durumunda üç eksenli deneylerden elde edilen yenilme zarflarý Mohr-Coulomb ve Hoek-Brown yenilme kriterleriyle karþýlaþtýrýlmýþtýr. Sonuçta, üç eksenli deneylerde yenilme sürecini ve taneler arasý doku yenilmesini temsil eden (post-failure) eðrilerin Hoek-Brown yenilme kriteri ile benzer ve kýyaslanabilir olduðu ortaya konmuþtur. Karþýlaþtýrma sonucunda, düþük çevre gerilmeleri için elde edilen dayanýmýn Hoek-Brown yenilme kriterinden elde edilenden daha düþük olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Deneysel çalýþmalardan süreksiz ortamlarda yenilmenin dokuyu oluþturan elemanlar arasýnda geliþeceði, dolayýsýyla pratikte sýkça kullanýlan kesme mukavemeti parametrelerinin sistem büyüklüðüne baðlý olacaðý görülmüþtür.

Failure criteria of rock mass is the most important base for designing of surface and underground structures. However, behavior of jointed rock mass and its failure criteria are the controversial subjects of rock mechanics. Main reasons for this discussion are problems during or after the geotechnical application. However, some of the experimental and theoretical approaches are often preferred as they are practical, compatible with engineering considerations, and assist in decision-making process. On the other hand, the differentiation in the scale of the geosystem, which varies depending on the scale of geotechnical application, building process, and time, means that the failure conditions will also change. It is clear that the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, which is widely used in practice, cannot exactly represent discontinuous geo-environments (fractured rock) consisting of joint systems. Since the rock generally has a discontinuous character, it has been researched since the 1970s, and the Hoek-Brown failure criterion, put forth in the 1980s and modified many times until today, is widely accepted in application. Nevertheless, it is known that the empirical parameters used in this failure criteria proposed for different types of rocks are also open to discussion. In this paper, the results of the mechanical tests conducted on the previously-fissured model material, which is physically similar to rock mass are discussed. Marble samples whose grain boundaries were disturbed by cyclic thermal treatment were used as the model material. Post-failure curves of model material obtained from continuous failure state triaxial tests were compared with Hoek-Brown Failure Criteria. In conclusion, it was shown that the failure envelopes representing intergranular failure in the post-failure phase were similar and comparable to the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion. However, it is found out that the post-failure strength in low confining stress may be lower than that of estimation by the Hoek-Brown criterion. Experimental studies have also shown that intergranular failure will develop among structural weaknesses in rock masses, and therefore the strength parameters commonly used in practice will depend on the size of geo-application.

Travertenler doðal gözenekli yapýlarý nedeniyle dekoratif anlamda kullanýlabilirliði fazla olan doðaltaþlardýr. Bu gözenekli yapý, taþta su emmenin de yüksek olmasýna neden olmaktadýr. Bu yüzden özellikle dýþ mekan uygulamalarýnda taþýn gözenekliliðini ve dolayýsý ile atmosferik koþullardan etkilenme derecesini azaltmak amacýyla dolgu iþlemi uygulanmaktadýr. Dolgu için toz kalsit, beyaz çimento ve çeþitli renklendiriciler yaygýn olarak kullanýlmaktadýr. Karýþým içerisinde kalsitin bulunmasý doðrudan maliyeti artýrmaktadýr. Bu çalýþmada kalsit yerine traverten tozunun kullanýlabilirliði araþtýrýlmýþtýr ve bu amaçla aðýrlýkça oluþturulmuþ 4 farklý karýþým oranýnda (1/0.5, 1/0.7, 1/1, 1/1.5) traverten tozu /çimento karýþýmlý dolgu malzemeleri laboratuvar ortamýnda üretilmiþtir. Diðer bir grup dolgu malzemesi ise ticari üretimde yaygýn olarak kullanýlan kalsit/çimento (1/1 oranýnda) karýþýmý þeklinde oluþturulmuþtur. Elde edilen sonuçlar dolgulu travertenlerde birim hacim aðýrlýðý deðerlerinde % 0.32 – 0.54 oranlarýnda artýþ, aðýrlýkça su emme deðerlerinde ise % 11.71 – 19.25 oranlarýnda azalma olduðunu ortaya koymuþtur. Ýncelenen doðaltaþ grubunun bütünü için kapiler su emmenin belirgin bir þekilde % 27.95 – 54.62 arasýnda deðiþen oranlarda azaldýðý tespit edilmiþtir. Benzer þekilde görünür porozite deðerlerinde de % 9.54 – 19.21 oranýnda azalmalar meydana gelmiþtir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 1/1 ve 1/0.7 oranlý (traverten tozu/çimento) karýþýmlarda birim hacim aðýrlýklardaki artýþla su emme deðerlerinde en fazla azalmalarýn olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Bu çalýþma ile elde edilen veriler, üretimi yapýlan travertenin kendi tozunun kullanýlmasý ile oluþturulacak dolgularýn uygulamada tercih edilmesi ile hem artýklarýn deðerlendirilmesi hem de üretim maliyetlerinin düþürülebileceði ortaya konulmuþtur.

Because of their natural porous structure, travertines are widely preferred building stones in terms of their decorative properties. This porous structure causes the stone having high water absorption capacity. Therefore, especially in outdoor applications, filling process is applied in order to decrease the porosity of the stone and thus lower the effect of atmospheric conditions. Powder calcite, white cement and various colorants are widely used in filling operations. The presence of calcite in the mixture directly increases the cost. In this study, the use of travertine powder instead of calcite was investigated and for this purpose, mixed filling materials with travertine powder/cement ratio were produced in laboratory condition as 4 different mixing ratios by weight (1/0.5, 1/0.7, 1/1, 1/1.5). Another group of filling material is formed as a mixture of calcite/cement (1/1) which is widely used in commercial production. The obtained results showed that the unit weight values were increased about 0.32 - 0.54 % and the water absorption values decreased by 11.71 - 19.25 % when travertine powder filling was used. It was determined that capillary water absorption values significantly decreased between 27.95% - 54.62 % for all natural stone groups. Similarly, there was a decrease about 9.54 - 19.21 % in the apparent porosity values. The results revealed that, in the mixing ratios of 1/1 and 1/0.7 (travertine powder/cement) an increase in unit weight values and the highest reduction in water absorption values were observed. The data obtained by this study are presented in such a way that both the wastes can be evaluated and the production costs can be reduced by the choice of the application of filler mixtures to be formed by the use of their own powder.

Bu çalýþmada, Düzce Ýli’nde yer alan katý atýk düzensiz depolama sahasýnýn su kaynaklarýna etkisinin belirlenmesi ve iyileþtirilmesine yönelik öneriler getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadýr. Katý atýklar, Ýstanbul metropolitanýnýn içme suyunun temin edildiði Melen Barajý havzasýnda olup, Küçük Melen Çayý kenarýnda ve alüvyon üzerinde hiçbir önlem alýnmaksýzýn dökülmüþtür. Düzensiz depolama alaný ve yakýn çevresinin, jeoloji ve hidrojeoloji haritalarý hazýrlanmýþtýr. Ýnceleme alanýnda düzensiz katý atýk sahasýnýn yüzey ve yeraltýsuyu kalitesine etkisini belirlemek amacýyla; sahanýn menba ve mansap tarafýnda temsili noktalardan su örnekleri alýnmýþtýr. Alýnan su örneklerinin kimyasal analizleri yapýlmýþ, kirlilik durumlarý ve çeþitli kullaným alanlarýna uygunluklarý tartýþýlmýþtýr. Katý atýk düzensiz depolama sahasýnýn yüzey ve yeraltýsularý ile iliþkisi farklý çevre koþullarýnda deðerlendirilmiþ ve kavramsal modeller hazýrlanmýþtýr. Ýnceleme alanýnda düzensiz katý atýk sahasýnýn yüzey ve yeraltýsuyu kalitesini olumsuz etkilediði ve sularýn insani tüketim amacýna uygun olmadýklarý tespit edilmiþtir. Sonuç olarak, içme suyu havzasýnda bulunan katý atýklarýn bölgeden düzenli bir depolama tesisine taþýnmasý veya 45 m derinliðinde çepeçevre bir sýzdýrmazlýk perdesinin inþasý güvenli çözüm yöntemleri olarak görülmüþtür. Ayrýca, yüzey ve yeraltýsularýndan izole edilecek ortamdaki sýzýntý suyu seviyesinin doðal ortam su seviyesinin altýnda olmasý depolama tesisinden dýþa su akýmýna engel olacaðý tespit edilmiþtir.

This study has been prepared to clarify the environmental impacts of irregular solid waste disposal sites in Düzce. Solid wastes were found in the Melen dam basin where the drinking water of the Istanbul metropolitan area was provided and poured on the edge of the Küçük Melen Stream and on alluvium without taking any precautions. Geological and hydrogeological maps of solid waste irregular disposal sites and its surroundings are prepared. In order to determine the groundwater quality in the study area chemical analysis results determined for potability and various usability purposes. The hydraulic connection betweent he surface and groundwater of irregular solid waste disposal site was evaluated under different environmental conditions and conceptual models were prepared. It has been determined that the solid waste irregular storage site in the study area negatively affects the surface and groundwater quality and the water samples are not suitable for human consumption purpose. As a result, transportation of solid wastes in the drinking water basin from the region to a regular solid waste storage facility or construction of a 45 m deep all-around impermeability curtain has been seen as secure solution methods. Furthermore, in the condition of the leak water level in the environment which is isolated from the surface water and groundwater is below the natural water level, it will have been prevented the water flow out of the storage facility.

Kaya malzemelerin tek eksenli sýkýþma dayanýmý (UCS) ve bazý fiziksel özellikleri kaya mekaniði ve mühendisliðinde kullanýlan çok önemli bir girdi parametresidir. Belirli þekil ve boyuttaki örneklerin kullanýldýðý fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerin belirlendiði deneylerde, örnek hazýrlamanýn güç olduðu koþullarda bu deðerin belirlenmesi güçleþmekte ve bu sorunun aþýlmasý amacýyla doðrudan olmayan deney yöntemlerinden tahmini tercih edilmektedir. Kaya malzemelerin özelliklerinin tahmininde kullanýlan en yaygýn parametrelerden birisi de yüzey sertliðidir. Bu çalýþma kapsamýnda kaya malzemeler üzerinde kullanýmý yaygýnlaþmaya baþlayan ve Schmidt çekicine göre, çok daha düþük bir çarpma enerjisine sahip olan Leeb sertlik cihazý ile elde edilen sertlik deðerlerinin (HL) seçilen ignimbirit, traverten ve siyenit türü kayalarýn bazý fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin tahmininde kullanýlabilirliði araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Öncelikle örneklerinin petrografik ve temel fiziksel özellikleri incelenmiþ daha sonra tüm örneklerin HL deðerleri ölçülmüþtür. Kuru (γdry) ve doygun (γsat) birim hacim aðýrlýk, görünür porozite (nA), su emme (wS), ultrases hýzý (VP) deðerleri ile HL deðerleri korele edilmiþ ve ilgili eþitliklerle sunulmuþtur ayrýca HL deðerlerinden UCS deðerlerinin tahmini için eþitlik önerilmiþtir. Ayrýca örneklerin boy/çap oraný (L/D) etkisinin HL ölçümleri üzerine etkisi araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Sonuç olarak 50 mm çaplý örneklerde minimum 1.5 L/D oranlý örnekler üzerinde HL deðerlerinin saðlýklý olarak ölçülebileceði önerilmiþtir.

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and some physical properties of rock materials is a very important input parameter used in rock mechanics and engineering. Samples with standard shape and dimension are used in physical and mechanical tests. However, it is difficult to determine the UCS values in case of difficult sample preparation conditions. In order to overcome this limitation prediction of UCS values from indirect test methods is preferred. One of the most common parameters used to predict the UCS values of rock materials is surface hardness. In this study, the usability of hardness values (HL) of selected ignimbrite, travertine and syenite rocks in the prediction of some physical and mechanical properties were investigated by using the Leeb hardness test which has much lower impact energy than the Schmidt hammer has. Firstly, petrographic and some physical and mechanical properties of the samples were determined and then the HL measurement of all samples were taken. Test results were correlated and correlation equations for dry (γdry) and saturated (γsat) unit weights, apparent porosity (nA), water absorption (wS), sonic wave velocity (VP) were presented and prediction equation of UCS from HL measurements were proposed. In addition, the effect of L/D ratio on HL measurements were investigated and minimum L/D ratio of 1.5 with minimum 50 mm sample diameter was suggested for reliable HL measurements.

The development of prediction techniques for the evolution of karstic caves is essential for geohazard prevention because limestone collapse commonly accompanies their complex dissolution process. Previous studies to understand the dissolution mechanisms focus on field-based and/or small-scale experimental approaches. Although several large-scale numerical simulations have been conducted due to improved computing capabilities, mathematical modelling and numerical simulation for the three-dimensional dissolution of limestone remains unavailable. In this study, we examine the three-dimensional dissolution phenomenon of calcium carbonate in limestone and propose mathematical and numerical models based on an advection, reaction, and diffusion system involving Darcy’s law. Additionally, we implement the models using a finite difference method involving the constrained interpolation profile with conservative semi-Lagrangian scheme, and dissolution patterns of the calcium carbonates obtained by the proposed model are presented. The simulation demonstrates that the dissolution of calcium carbonate is strongly related to the groundwater flow, with increasing pores and cavities toward the groundwater flow direction, and the dissolution rate depends on the contact area between the groundwater and limestone.

Afete Maruz Bölge, özetle; afet etüt raporlarýnda, olmuþ veya olmasý muhtemel afetlerden etkilendiði veya etkilenebileceði belirtilen, iyileþtirme çalýþmalarý ile teknik ya da ekonomik olarak ýslah edilmesi mümkün olmayan alanlar olarak tanýmlanabilir. Ancak, heyelanýn, bu tanýma göre belirlenen alan sýnýrýnda bulunan yerleþim yerlerine etkisi kimi zaman tartýþmadan uzak kalmaktadýr. Ýstanbul Avcýlar Ambarlý Heyelaný ve çevresi, bu tip bir alan olup, heyelan alaný 2005 yýlýnda Afete Maruz Bölge ilan edilmiþtir. Alanda, 56 adet yapý kullanýlmaz hale gelmiþ ve karar gereði alandaki tüm yapýlar yýkýlmýþtýr. Ancak, devam eden süreçte, alanda herhangi bir hareket izleme çalýþmasý yapýlmamýþtýr. Böylelikle, heyelanýn zaman içerisindeki durumu kontrolsüz býrakýlmýþ ve çevre yapýlarýn süreç içinde karþýlaþabilecekleri riskler deðerlendirilmemiþtir. Bu çalýþmada, Avcýlar Ambarlý Heyelaný alanýnýn, gerileyerek büyüme potansiyelinin ve mevcut durumda çevre yapýlardaki güvenlik koþullarýnýn ortaya konulmasý amaçlanmýþtýr. Alanda yapýlan önceki çalýþmalar deðerlendirilmiþ, çalýþma kapsamýnda yeni zemin araþtýrma sondajlarý ile indeks ve mekanik laboratuvar deneyleri yapýlmýþtýr. Sondajlarda 6 ay süreyle inklinometre ölçümü yapýlmýþ, kayma düzlemleri tespit edilmiþ ve aktif olarak hareketine devam ettiði belirlenen heyelanýn kayma hýzlarý hesaplanmýþtýr. Mevcut durum için, etki alanýndaki yapý yükleri de hesaba katýlarak yapýlan statik ve dinamik stabilite analizleri ile belirlenen risklere karþýn, konsol tip forekazýk sistemi modellenmiþ ve heyelanýn gerileyeceði alan için elde edilen güvenlik koþullarý tanýmlanmýþtýr.

Disaster-prone area is declared to were already affected or may be affected by the disasters that have been occurred or are likely to occur in the disaster survey reports. In addition, these areas should be areas that cannot be rehabilitation for technically or economically reasons by means of improvement studies. However, the future impact of the landslide on the settlements located at the boundary of the area determined according to this definition is sometimes not evaluated. Istanbul Avcýlar Ambarlý Landslide Area was declared a disaster-prone area in 2005. In the area, 56 buildings became unusable and all the buildings in the area were demolished due to resolution. However, during the ongoing process, any monitoring studies had not been working in the area. The landslide situation was left uncontrolled within this period, and risks to which the near structures might be affected were not evaluated. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the potential of growth of The Landslide Area and the current security conditions in the near structures. Previous studies in the field were evaluated and new soil exploration drillings and index and mechanical laboratory experiments were performed within the scope of the study. Inclinometer measurements were made for 6 months, sliding planes were determined and moving velocities were calculated for the landslide that were determined to continue active movement. For the current situation, despite the risks determined by static and dynamic stability analyzes, taking into account the structural loads in the impact area, the cantilever type shoring system was modeled, and the safety conditions for the north of the area were defined.

Uludað yükseliminin kuzey eteðindeki yüksek eðimli, plansýz ve yoðun yapýlaþmanýn olduðu yamaçlar jeolojik olarak da kritik dengede bulunmaktadýr. Bu çalýþmada kritik dengedeki yamaçta gerçekleþtirilen kontrolsüz kazý sonucunda yamaç dengesini bozularak yaklaþýk 10 gün süren bir heyelan olayý yaþanmýþtýr. Bu süreçte þevin üst kesiminde oturma ve deformasyonlar artmýþ kontrolsüz kazýdan 8 dönümlük alan etkilenmiþ ve bu kesimdeki yaklaþýk 80 ev güvenlik amacýyla boþaltýlmýþtýr. Heyelan sahasýnda yapýlan araþtýrma ve incelemeler sonucunda mühendislik jeolojisi modeli ortaya konulmuþtur. Arazi ve laboratuvar çalýþmalarý ile kayma yüzeyi, temel ve örtü birimlerin jeoteknik özellikleri saptanmýþtýr. Bu özeliklere göre önlem ve destek projeleri hazýrlanmýþtýr. Proje kapsamýnda ilk önlem olarak topuk kesimde çift sýra þaþýrtmalý fore kazýklardan oluþan destek yapýsýnýn imalatý daha sonra 3 kademe destek yapýsý imalatý ile heyelan kontrol altýna alýnmýþtýr. Mühendislik jeolojisi ve jeoteknik koþullar dikkate alýnmadan yapýlan kontrolsüz kazýlarýn ciddi maliyet ve diðer maðduriyetlere neden olduðu bu proje tipik bir örnek teþkil etmektedir. Benzer kontrolsüz giriþimler ne yazýk ki ülkemizde son dönemde artan bir oranda gündemi oluþturmaktadýr.

The slopes at the north of Uludað, where there is an unplanned and dense settlement, are also in a geologically critical stability. In this study, as a result of uncontrolled excavation on the slope in critical stability, a landslide event that lasted for approximately 10 days caused damageto its proximity. During this process, 8 acres of land were affected by uncontrolled excavation in the upper part of the slope and the deformations were increased and approximately 80 households were evacuated for security purposes. As a result of the researches and investigations made in the landslide field, the engineering geology model had been put forward. Geotechnical properties of geological units and the depth of slip surface were determined by field and laboratory studies. Prevention and support projects had been prepared according to these characteristics. As a first measure within the scope of the project, the construction of the support structure consisting of double rows of bored piles in the heel cut was then controlled by the production of a three levelled support structure. This project is a typical example where uncontrolled excavations without consideration of engineering geology and geotechnical conditions cause serious costs and other grievances. Similarly, uncontrolled initiatives have recently been increasing in our country.

Ýstanbul’daki pekçok tarihi yapýda, çoðunlukla kireçtaþý, fosilli kireçtaþý ve killi kireçtaþlarýný bünyesinde barýndýran ve bölgede “Küfeki taþý” olarak adlandýrýlan taþlar kullanýlmýþtýr. Bu çalýþma kapsamýnda, bozunan Küfeki taþlarýnýn üzerinde farklý temizleme yöntemleri denenmiþ ve taþ üzerindeki etkileri araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Bu kapsamda, Küfeki taþý olarak kullanýlan orijinal yapýtaþlarýndan (Bakýrköy Küfekisi) ve günümüzde bu taþlarýn yerine kullanýlan farklý ocak sahalarýndan taze örnekler alýnmýþtýr. Bu örnekler üzerinde mineralojik, petrografik, kimyasal analizler ile, fiziksel ve mekanik deneyler gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Ardýndan ayný örnek gruplarýnýn farklý, hýzlandýrýlmýþ eskitme yöntemleri ile bozunmalarý saðlanmýþtýr. Eskitilen örnekler lazer ve basýnçlý mikro kumlama yöntemleri ile temizlenmiþ ve temizlenen taþlarýn kütlece aðýrlýk deðiþimleri ile görsel deðiþimleri ayrýntýlý olarak belirlenmiþtir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, temizleme yöntemlerinin seçiminde mutlaka kayaç içyapýsý ve fiziksel özelliklerinin gözetilmesi gerekliliði bir kez daha önemini göstermiþtir. Bunun yanýnda taþýn kullaným þeklinin ve kirletici türünün de yine temizleme yönteminin seçimi açýsýndan dikkate alýnmasý gerektiði ortaya konmuþtur. Küfeki taþlarý özelinde ise lazer ile temizleme yönteminin fiziksel olarak taþa daha az hasar veren yöntem olduðu belirlenmiþtir.

Ýstanbul hosts large amount of historical buildings. Many of these buildings are made of limestone, fossiliferous limestone and clayey limestone widely known in the region as “Küfeki Stones”. In this study the effect of varying cleaning techniques on altered Küfeki stones was investigated. Within this respect, fresh Küfeki stone samples from original building stone (Bakýrköy Küfekisi) and recently used substitute rocks from different quarries and regions around Ýstanbul were compiled. Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analysis followed by physical and mechanical properties were investigated for these stones. Same stone samples were subjected to accelerated deterioration mechanisms. These altered stones were then cleaned with laser cleaning and pressurized micro-sand blasting techniques and weight losses were calculated and visual changes were determined. The results revealed that rock micro-texture and physical properties should be considered in determining the appropriate cleaning technique. Besides, the usage type of the stone and type of deterioration mechanism should also be considered during the determination of cleaning technique. It is also emphasized that the laser cleaning is less destructive method for cleaning Küfeki stones among the investigated techniques.