It is important to identify, reduce, prevent and control the water losses for sustainable urban water management and efficient use of resources in potable water distribution systems. Economic analysis should be made to decide on the method to be followed and the path to be followed in the struggle against water losses. In this study, in order to reduce water losses in water distribution systems, it is aimed to perform economic analysis for leakage management activities and network rehabilitation. For this purpose, Malatya province water distribution system was chosen as the application area. The return period of the investments for leakage management made in the regions without rehabilitation is calculated as 3-4 months. On the other hand, depending on the high initial investment cost in the rehabilitated areas, the return period of the investments was on average between 13-17 years. As it can be understood from these calculated return period of investments, network rehabilitation appears as a tool with high initial investment costs. For this reason, it is considered very important to make cost-benefit analysis in determining, reducing, preventing and controlling water losses in a distribution system.

Examination of the criteria for maintaining distance between vehicles helps to better understand the behavior of following behavior and traffic flow.In this study, time headway(TH) and time to collision(TTC) criteria have been studied using driving simulator. TH is divided into two types, including braking TH, TH at the moment of considerable brake, and following TH, TH during following. The results showed that by reaching TTC to a threshold, braking TH has increased to 1.5 sec and after this value, braking TH has remained constant. Also the comparison between braking and following TH showed that, unlike following TH, braking TH has less variance and its values did not differ significantly between lanes. That is, the driver is trying to observe a fixed amount of braking TH, 1.1 seconds, all the time, and not get closer to the front vehicle accordingly. It can be said that among the criteria, braking TH is the most important factor and considering it can be helpful in the car-following models.

In this study, the rheological properties of pure binders and modified bitumen that were prepared with these binders were investigated under various temperatures and frequencies. In the study, the B 50/70 class pure bitumen, which was obtained from the TUPRAS refinery in Batman, was used as the main binder. Waste oils were used as additives at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% ratios. Pure and modified bitumen were subjected to dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests at 4 different temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C) and 10 different frequencies (between 0.01 Hz and 10 Hz). As a result of the DSR tests, it was determined that the modified bitumen that was prepared with waste engine oil had higher complex shear modulus and lower phase angle values compared to the modified bitumen prepared with waste vegetable oil, which pointed to elastic behaviors at higher levels in favor of engine oil modification. It was also determined that waste vegetable oil proved more effective at 2% and 3% additive ratios in terms of the complex shear modulus values while waste engine oil modification was more effective at 2% and 4% additive ratios. In conclusion, it was discovered that waste engine oil was more effective in preparing modified bitumen compared to waste vegetable oil.

In this article, the long-term filtration performance of recycled asphalt pavement material (RAP), one of the types of construction/demolition (C&D) waste, is investigated when used as a filter material in highway drainage systems. Long-term filtration tests (LFT) were carried out in the ASTM D 5101 experimental setup, which was redesigned and manufactured in order to determine the permeability behavior of the drainage system consisting of recycled asphalt and geotextile. With the usage of modified ASTM D 5101 test setup, potential clogging mechanisms that may occur, and the change in grain size distribution of the material with respect to time and flow direction were determined. The long-term filtration test program aims to prove that recycled asphalt material could be used instead of natural filter materials particularly in the construction of highway drainage systems. The recovery of this material by reusing it will, eliminate the storage problem, prevent environmental pollution and make a contribution in terms of sustainable material management (SMM) in geotechnical engineering applications.
In the study, the long-term filtration behavior of the drainage system consisting of aggregate and geotextile was investigated in the modified ASTM D 5101 test system. The gradient ratio (GR) and the permeability ratio (KR) were determined in the long-term filtration experiments performed under different hydraulic gradients, which define the clogging performance of the aggregate/geotextile system. Recycled asphalt aggregate and natural aggregate (NA) were used to evaluate the filtration performance of aggregates. A non-woven geotextile material with a pore opening to represent the worst conditions in terms of clogging was selected considering its hydraulic and physical properties.
The results of the long term filtration tests indicate that the performance of the recycled asphalt material is comparable to the natural aggregate. Additionaly with controlled bitumen content, it can be used as an aggregate material in highway drainage systems in terms of filtration properties, thus contributing to sustainable material management. Therefore, with the re-use of RAP as a filter material in highway drainage systems a contribution to the protection of environment could be achieved.

In this study, it is aimed to produce structural lightweight concrete (SLWC) containing pumice aggregate and to evaluate its contribution to energy performance. Fly ash and metakaolin were used as substitutes with cement in the production of lightweight concrete. It was also produced normal weight concrete (NWC) for comparison. The compressive strength, the unit weight and the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the concretes produced were determined in accordance with relevant standards. The unit weigths of the lightweight concrete are in the range of 1880-1900 kg/m3, and the compressive strengths are between 20-27 MPa. It was observed that the thermal conductivity coefficients of the SLWCs are ranging from 0.54 to 0.63 W/mK and they decrease as the unit weights decrease. The properties of the SLWCs determined are used in the energy simulation software DesignBuilder to assess the primary energy consumption for a case study. With the use of SLWCs, it can be seen that the annual energy requirement decreases by 15% to 19% compared to NWC. In addition, when monthly heating and cooling loads are analyzed, it can be seen that the SLWCs reduces the heating energy requirement significantly. However, the cooling energy needs were not significantly affected due to the type of concrete produced.

In this study, the effects of pounding on seismic behavior of mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) adjacent buildings with insufficient separation distance were investigated. 5, 8, 10, 13 and 15-storey RC building models were created to represent mid-rise buildings. The nonlinear behavior properties of these models are reflected by plastic hinges defined at the column and beam ends. The buildings are modeled as a three dimensional (3D) column-beam frame system. Adjacent building models are derived, which are connected from floor to floor level using Kelvin contact elements. Total of 30 different adjacent building models were created with the use of buildings having different number of floors. The “0” m gaps reflect inadequate separation distance between adjacent buildings while the “5” m gap is used for the reference building without collision. In order to investigate the pounding effects between adjacent buildings, 22 real acceleration records compatible with TBEC-2018 were selected and scaled. Total of 660 3D nonlinear time history analyses were carried out and the roof displacement demands obtained from these analyses were compared for collision and without collision cases The outcomes of this study show that significant changes may occur in the building displacement demands due to the collision of the mid-rise RC neighboring buildings with insufficient seismic gap. Based on the findings obtained on significant number of adjacent building pairs with different period ratios, the displacement amplification factors (β) are proposed for the mid-rise RC buildings.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is useful to find the optimum value of the response, to examine the relationship between independent variables and responses, or to shorten very complicated and time-consuming numerical analyses. Although the RSM is a commonly used method in many branches of engineering, the use of this method is limited in geotechnical studies. In this study, the effect of curing temperature on shear strength and unconfined compressive strength parameters of lime stabilized clayey soil was examined. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to evaluate the Response Surface Method to estimate these parameters with less experimental effort. In the study effect of the temperature was controlled with five different curing temperature level (3°C, 13°C, 23°C, 33°C, 43°C). Three axial (UU) and unconfined compression tests were performed on 40 pieces of stabilized soil samples cured along 28 days at various temperatures. The experimental design was performed with Response Surface Methodology to reduce the test number. Within this scope, an equation was derived statistically to estimate the deviator strength of the samples. Statistical analyses were performed considering deviator strengths of the 18 pieces of samples. As a result of the study, it was seen that it is possible to estimate shear strength and unconfined compression strengths of the samples accurately by using fewer test numbers with Response Surface Methodology.

The use of geosynthetics as reinforcement for the base layer of flexible pavement systems has grown steadily over the past thirty years. Although geosynthetic reinforcements can lead to improved pavement performance, the specific conditions or mechanisms that govern the reinforcement are unclear, largely remaining unidentified and unmeasured. In this study, the assessment of the effect of geogrids on the roads that is reinforced granular fill layer over soft clay soil, section's ability to support before and after traffic loads were investigated using plate loading tests in situ. The results of the field tests show that geosynthetic reinforcement as is an effective method in reducing deformation and repairing granular fill layer overlying soft foundations.

Various dyes are used in the textile industry. Azo dyes, stable and toxic, constitute the majority of these dyes. In this study, the removal of Astrazon Black MBL belonging to azo group with an innovative adsorbent was investigated. The efficiency of adsorbent was evaluated in terms of color removal, oxidation and reduction potential (ORP), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer), pH and ion count, and the results were optimized with Taguchi method. As a result of the study, color removal efficiency in the range of 98.4% - 99.6% was obtained with the innovative adsorbent used. The pH and ORP of the liquid products after adsorption was measured in the range of 6.10-6.89 and in the range of 18.1-64.2 mV, respectively. From FTIR analysis results, Astrazon Black MBL dye was observed to be very stable. As a result, it was observed that waste can be evaluated successfully with adsorbent used in the study. In addition, since the adsorbent used does not have a cost, it provides the applicability of the method in terms of cost because the operating cost is low.

This study aims at investigating the sequential denitrification and the partial nitrification performance of anoxic moving bed reactor (AnoxMBBR)-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (AeSBR) to remove ammonium-nitrogen from landfill leachate (LFL). For this purpose, AnoxMBBR and AeSBR were set-up and operated at a cycle time of 48-h. The both reactor performances were evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic carbon (IC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), total nitrogen (TN), color (Pt-Co and RES) and pH parameters. Additionally, the AeSBR performance was evaluated in terms of free ammonium (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) concentrations. In the sequential system, total removal efficiency of COD and ammonium was about 75% and 65%, respectively. In AnoxMBBR, also, NO3- removal efficiency was about 55%. The partial nitrification was successfully occurred in AeSBR and the nitrite accumulation at 24-h and 48-h was about 1630.16 and 1702.92mg/L, respectively. The results of this study suggest that use of sequential denitrification/partial nitrification is an effective way to remove COD and ammonium from raw LFL However, additional treatment methods to this sequential system can be applied as pretreatment and/or post treatment for achieving the desired water quality because effluent TN and COD values are still not meet with the discharge standards of 40 mg N/L and 600 mg COD/L.

In western Anatolia, volcanic rocks in the Eocene-Quaternary age range are widely outcropped. Early Miocene volcanics are represented as andesite, dacite and rhyolites in Kütahya and its surroundings. In this study, the whole rock, Sr-Nd-Pb and O isotope geochemistry and K-Ar geochronology data of the volcanic unit consisting of rhyolites outcropping in the Emet Borate Basin will be presented. Petrographic properties of the studied volcanites are generally observed in the porphyritic vitrophyric texture, and their composition consists of plagioclase, biotite, quartz, sanidine and amphibole minerals. The major and trace element variation of the volcanites, which have calc-alkaline affinity and contain high-K, indicate that plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and alkali feldspar fractionation is effective in the evolution of rocks. In addition, high LILE and LREE and low Nb, Zr, Y and Ti contents indicate that fractional crystallization, crustal contamination and / or assimilation play an important role in the evolution of volcanites and that their main magmas are derived from an enriched source. The whole rock K-Ar aging method shows that the age of the sample belonging to the studied volcanites is 21.4 ± 0.6 Ma. According to the obtained isotope results, (87Sr 86Sr)i ratio is 0.708885, (143Nd/144Nd) i ratio is 0.512347206Pb/204Pb isotope ratio 19.04, 207Pb /204Pb isotope ratio is 15.6790 and 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratio is 37.9130 and δ18O ratio is 11.3 ‰. The obtained geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data indicate that the investigated volcanics were formed in the volcanic arc environment and that fractional crystallization, as well as enrichment in the source mantle area and crustal pollution / assimilation (AFC) processes, have been influenced in their evolution.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the tensile strength of rocks can effectively be used as a design parameter in some subjects such as production method and excavation equipment selection, design of blasting geometry, slope stability, and dimensioning of underground openings. Different testing methods are used for determining the tensile strength of rocks. These methods can be divided into two groups that are direct and indirect methods. According to test results reported by different researchers, the tensile strength of rocks is varying in relation to testing methods. By conducting direct and indirect tests, experimental coefficients which will estimate direct tensile strength from indirect tensile testing methods such as Brazilian, 3-4 point bending tests, are presented in this study. Besides, a geometric approach has been proposed to explain the reason for this difference. This approach claims that it is more important the average stress per unit volume in the tensile zone of the specimen than the maximum stress in the specimen to develop damage. Average stress in the specimen has been expressed as stress per unit volume because each specimen has a different size in different testing methods. To calculate the average stress in a simply way, a geometric shape, which is related to the stress distribution of the specimen and called "characteristic unit volume" has been defined. The volume of the geometric shape has been defined as the theoretical coefficient of the related testing method. For carbonate and igneous rocks, the experimental coefficient was 0.47 / 0.55 for the Brazilian test, 0.29 / 0.37 for the 3 point bending test, 0.37 / 0.43 for the 4 point bending test, respectively. The theoretical coefficient was found to be 0.5 for the Brazilian test, 0.33 for the 3 point bending test, and 0.39-0.42 for the 4 point bending test. Experimental and theoretical coefficients obtained in this study are in accordance with each other.

Satellite data are very important, where In-situ methods can not be applicable. Especially the gravity data are very important for investigating the buried structures and changes of medias along side laterally. Nowadays, many global satellite models are used for solving like these problems. The Topex V28.1 data set has a much more frequent sampling interval than other models. However, the Topex data set obtained in general application are free air anomaly values. For this reason, researchers do not prefer Topex dataset for evaluating.
In this study the target is using of topex data set, which have a much more frequent sampling interval, to obtain Bouguer gravity values. This calculated new Bouguer gravity results were compared with the results of the EGM08 and WGM2012 models to check coherence. The depth values which calculated by using power spectrum method were investigated then findings has been compared with the result of the horizontal derivatives and finally findings of the general tectonic of the western Anatolian which obtained by using 3-D Euler depth solutions were discussed

The main purpose of this study is assessing the site effects created by Mw 5.8 September 26, 2019 Istanbul (Silivri) Marmara Sea earthquake struck regarding the data of Strong Ground Motion Stations of Turkey (TR-NSMN).. Within this scope accelerograms that are obtained from 46 stations were analyzed by using 3-components response spectral ratios. 46 sensors have detected the earthquake at over 10 Gal(cm/sec2) within the 150 km radius due to the strong shaking. Highest ground acceleration (84. 9 gal) measured at 3412 coded station in Istanbul (Büyükçekmece) station, about 34.5 km far from the epicenter. Sorting out the instrumental data (Shear wave phase parts) has yield precious experimental results indicating site amplifications factor 3-12 at 0.3-1.5 s predominant periods corresponding even further 100 km away from the epicenter in Kocaeli, Bursa and Balýkesir stations. Besides, theoretical horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios were calculated for the significant stations having solid geotechnical data for comparison with instrumental data. Thereby, obtained experimental results such as building effects causing to feel the long period oscillations over 1 s predominant period with the range of 10 to 13 amplification factor (Kocaeli) and near field (<30 km) site effects originated from shallow lithology at Istanbul and Yalova stations might reveal crucial outputs in order to mitigate the possible seismic hazards studies.