This study was conducted to investigate printing techniques used in electronic textile applications and to examine the application conditions, advantages and disadvantages of the conductive inks used in these printing processes. This research is a conceptual framework designed to examine conductive inks within the scope of electronic textiles and their importance. In the study, it is seen that by printing of silver doped conductive ink on flexible materials, radio frequency identification (RFID, electromyography (EMG) and variety of sensors are designed. It was evaluated that screen printing and inkjet printing techniques are most familiar printing applications.

Textiles are known to be one of the three basic needs of human beings as from the past to the present day.Consumption of textile products has increased along with the rapid development of fashion and population growth. Recycling with compelling reasons, such as the protection of resources in textile products and processes, the need to reduce waste areas, the cost of waste and the need for cheap raw materials for production, is increasingly prevalent throughout the world.With recycling, significant contributions to the world will be achieved in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. Many countries have stepped up their work on industrial basis by taking precautions in this regard.Textile in our country has a very important place because it is one of the leading industrial sectors and more than 95% of textile materials can be recycled and evaluated. In this study, a general evaluation of recycling in textiles was made.

The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of Industry 4.0 (4th Industrial Revolution), which is a result of the scientific and technological accumulation of human civilization and which has been frequently discussed in recent years, and to raise awareness by discussing possible effects on the textile production processes. First of all, the historical development, components and basic characteristics of the Industry 4.0 concept are discussed and the expected effects on human life and production processes are evaluated. Then, the current situation in textile production processes is presented in terms of Industry 4.0, and the observed trends in the textile industry are discussed. As a result; it has come to the conclusion that the concept of Industry 4.0 is a fact that all stakeholders must be carefully followed, understood and immediately harmonized in the textile sector as it is in all other industries.

The scope of the study is to determine the influence of the addition of different amounts of carob (CP), cinnamon (CNP), and ginger (GP) powders and fluidized bed agglomeration process on the moisture content, water activity and powder properties of milk powders as well as powder yield and the energy consumption of the drying and agglomeration operations. CP, CNP, and GP were directly added to whole milk at different concentrations (1-8 % by weight), mixed for 30min and filtered by crude filter paper. Then, the filtrate was spray dried at the inlet and outlet air temperatures of 160 and 80 °C respectively. The powder yield ranged between 55.57-67.07 % for milk powder with CP (MPCP), 45.48-61.04 % for milk powder with CNP (MPCNP), and 42.42-46.93 % for milk powder with GP (MPGP). The addition of the powders decreased the total drying time and energy consumption of the drying process (p<0.05). The agglomeration process was performed at 1.8 m/s, and 80 °C for 15 min. During this process, water (1: 0.1 weight: weight, water: powder) was added to powders as a binder. Agglomerates have higher moisture content (3.45-4.60%, wet basis) and water activity (0.171-0.257) values compared to corresponding powders. The solubility times of powders decreased with the increasing amount of ingredients. Higher bulk (200-259 kg/m3) and tapped (339-400 kg/m3) density values were obtained from MPGP compared to other powders. Agglomeration process improved the flow properties of milk powders and increased the bulk and tapped density values. The long solubility times of milk powders (194-244.5 s) reduced to 10-50 s by means of the applied agglomeration process.

The present research is aimed isolation of lactic acid bacteria from some traditional meat products and detection of antibiotic resistant strains. In the present study, total 41 lactic acid bacteria including Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp. and Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Antibiotic resistance of these isolates were detected by Kirby Bauer-Disc Diffusion Method. It was found that all of lactic acid bacteria isolates from sucuk and pastýrma had resistance to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin, while they exhibited susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and ampicillin. Additionally, some of lactic acid bacteria showed resistance against rifampicin, tetracycline and gentamicin. The observation of different resistance profile in sucuk and pastrami samples revealed need of systematic studies dealing with antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria from traditional meat products.

Some health problems (cardiavascular diseases and some types of cancer) can be occured in human in the case of excess amount of consumption of saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, salt, nitrite due to the composition of meat and meat products. Thus, meat and meat products have occasionally perceived as unhealthy product by consumers. To change this perception, both scientists and owners in the meat industry are put forward various strategies to meat products in order to get healthier product. In this review, the strategies of developing healthy meat products were tried to investigate with two main branches just about practices in living animals (nutrition management, genetic strategies) and in meat products (reduction of sodium content, reduction of nitrite, reduction of cholesterol, modification of the fatty acid profile, incorporation of probiotics and prebiotics, enrichment with dietary fiber, enrichment with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants).

Essential oils, also called aromatic, essential or ether oils, are liquids similar to strong scented oils obtained from plants. In recent years, volatile oils and synthetic additives have been replaced by natural, environmentally friendly and many alternative meanings in the increasing demands of consumers for natural products. It founded a solution with the microencapsulation technology that the volatile components they contain are easily affected by environmental conditions. Microencapsulation provides many advantages such as preservation of stability by stabilizing the essential oils, increasing shelf life, ensuring controlled release, masking taste and odor, ease of transport, reduction of nutritional loss. Microencapsulation applied by various techniques such as spray drying, coacervation, extrusion, fluid bed coating, supercritical fluid method is widely used in many fields such as mainly food industry, textile, pharmaceutical, chemical, feed, veterinary, biotechnology, medicine. This review axioms the importance of essential oils, highlighting the benefits gained by microencapsulation, explaining the preparation techniques of microcapsules and the selection of coating materials, taking into account applications in the food industry.

Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) is a cationic surfactant considered as one of the strongest antimicrobial material in new food additive. It is also classified as a non-toxic additive because of rapidly metabolized to natural components in the human body and allowed to be used with certain limitations in its use. The use of ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) as antimicrobial food preservative has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Agency, respectively. For this reason, in recent years, it has focused on the application of this compound to food systems. LAE is a stable compound synthesized by the steps of esterification and condensation. There is also strong antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of microorganisms including mold, yeast, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The main target for the antimicrobial effect of LAE, a cationic surfactant, the cell membrane. The potential use of LAE as an antimicrobial agent in foods can encompass a wide range of products. In this context, various studies have been carried out on the application of LAE in antimicrobial packaging systems developed with the purpose of increasing the safety and quality of packaged food products and it has been stated that this material can be used as an effective antimicrobial on many systems. In recent years, various strategies have been proposed to use LAE as a food preservative, such as direct addition to food, application to food surface, or inclusion in food packaging. Although most applications are related to the use of LAE alone, some combination treatments have been used between LAE and other conservation methods to further increase the shelf life of the food product.

With the development of the food industry, changes in environmental factors create an effect of color loss in the stages such as, processing, storing and selling the food. Colour loss is one of the most important factor for consumers purchasing the product. That’s why for preventing the color loss natural and synthetical colorants are used. Consumers directed to use of natural products with the increasing health issues as a result of industrialization. With increasing attention of usage of natural products, producers are directed to use of natural colorants. Betalain is a natural colorant that was used in flowers and fruits also, it belongs to Caryophyllales family. At the same time, through its antioxidant, anticancer and antilipidemic effects, it creates a positive effect on health. Thus, nowadays using betalain as a natural colorant became an interesting subject. In this article, it was purposed giving information in the areas of the molecular and chemical structure of betalain, their stability, extraction, and usage in foods of betalain and its effects on the health.

In this study, the removal of COD and TOC from various synthetic effluents was investigated using ozonation as an advanced oxidation process. Box Behnken design (BBD) as a kind of response surface methodology was used in planning the experiments. Ozone dose (OD, mg/L), reaction time (RT, min), and initial dye concentration (IDC, mg/L) were determined as the operating parameters. Removal of COD over 90% and TOC over 80% showed that ozonation was an effective process type in the treatment of synthetic effluents. Finally, modeling by multiple non-linear regression (MNLR), additionally optimization and validation studies were performed. The power of the proposed MNLR models for predicting response variables was determined as 99%. OD of 24 mg/L, RS of 40 min, and IDC of 10 mg/L were determined as BBD-optimized operating conditions. Under these conditions, COD of 95% and TOC of 85% removal from all synthetic effluents were approximately predicted. The results obtained from the validation experiments that were performed at optimized condition confirmed these predicted values. Good accordance between predictive and experimental results demonstrated the accuracy and success of BBT in optimization.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the equilibrium and kinetic data of the malachite green adsorption onto the peanut shell. XRD, SEM and FTIR analyzes were carried out by determining the surface properties of peanuts.The effects of initial malachite green concentration, adsorbent amount and temperature were evaluatedon the adsorption yield. The best fitting isotherm model was the Langmuir and kinetics model was pseudo-second order for malachite green adsorption onto peanut shell. Adsorption experiments showed that the maximum malachite green adsorption capacity of agricultural waste is 41.49 mg.g-1.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluid of boron minerals. For this purpose, water-based drilling mud was prepared and borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) with a particle size of 45 μm, ulexite (NaCaB5O9.8H2O) with a particle size of 75 μm and colemanite (Ca2B6O11.5H2O) with a particle size of 100 μm with different concentrations 1-5 (% w/v) are separately added. The characterization of borax, uleksite and colemanite are examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). The rheological properties such as apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of the developed mud systems adding boron minerals were determined with a FANN viscometer. The filtration properties were examined using an API Filter Press. All physical measurements were carried out according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. Borax, ulexite and colemanite added (1-5 % w/v) drilling muds rheological and filtration properties then compared to each other and the additive free water based drilling mud. The rheological and filtration properties of the developed mud systems are compared to original (additive free) mud system and with each other respectively. It is observed that boron additives improve the rheological properties of the drilling mud. Borax and colemanite have a better effect compared to ulexite. Filtration properties such as filtrate loss and filter cake thickness are increased compared to the original mud system but still in the reference value range and can be implemented to drilling operations.

Apricot is one of the important fruit that can be grown in many parts of the world. The apricots are dried in the sun or by treatment with sulfur to prolong the storage time. In many European countries and in our country, the amount of sulfur required in dried apricots is 2000ppm and this amount is likely to drop down. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of high and low sulfur apricot diet on serum oxidative stress parameters. In total, 84 Wistar albino rats were fed for 12 weeks with the use of dried apricots containing different amounts of sulfur and sun-dried apricots. Serum total antioxidant level, total oxidant level, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels of the rats were measured. The highest total antioxidant level was observed in the group fed with sun dried apricot, while the lowest total antioxidant level was observed in the 3000ppm group. Malondialdehyde levels increased only in 1000ppm group, while glutathione levels were significantly increased in 1000 ppm, 2000ppm and 3000ppm groups.

In order to explain the model of kinetics control on the leaching of gold in gold-bearing scraps, the effects of the reaction temperature, solid/ liquid ratio, particle size and stirring speed and acid concentration are investigated. In the examination of the leaching kinetics of gold in Cl2-saturated HCI solutions, Cl atoms occurring in the medium react more rapidly than Cl2 molecules with gold scraps. This reaction takes place simultaneously with the reaction of dissolution and in situ-generated chlorine is called. Also, the method doesn’t have some disadvantages such as the storage of generated chlorine. It is determined that the leaching rate decreases with increasing particle size and solid to liquid ratio while it increases with increasing reaction temperature, acid concentration and stirring speed.
For fluid/solid systems, shrinking core models are analysed by using of experimental results. It is observed that the leaching of gold from gold-bearing scraps is chemically controlled. Also, the leaching rate controlled by the chemical reaction is supported by the relationship between the particle diameter and rate constant. The activation energy of leaching process by using Statistica Package Program is determined as 34.40 kJ/mol.

The experimental and theoretical investigations of the solvent effect on the conformational structure and the hydroxyl stretching vibration of 2,3-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid (2,3-dmpba; C6H3(OCH3)2B(OH)2) molecule were studied by Fourier Transform Ýnfrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT). The computations were focused on four conformational isomers of the title compound in eighteen different organic solvents by using the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method was performed for the vibrational analysis. Most stable conformational isomer of the compound is independent of the solvent effect. The results of the SQM method are very successful in determining the solvent effect on the vibrational frequency. Experimental and theoretical findings from the present search will be useful to understand structural characteristics of phenylboronic acid derivatives.

Fuel cell in this study consumes methanol as fuel and they are very important for clean environment and effective energy conversion. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is carbon allotrope among carbon based nanomaterials. It consists of C−N bonds in π-based polymer. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are redox-active materials and have crucial potential for direct methanol oxidation and energy storage. POMs attract important interest because they included in high-valent metals and anionic metal oxides. In present report, the nanocomposite of polyoxometalate/C3N4 NTs was synthesized and applied for fuel cell. Firstly, the structure of prepared nanocomposite was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM), x-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After that, the voltammetric measurements were performed by using nanocomposite modified electrode. The electrochemical active areas of POM-C3N4 NTs/GCE and C3N4 NTs/GCE are 0.511 cm2 and 0.169 cm2, respectively. The prepared nanocomposite demonstrated active catalytic effect towards methanol.

In recent years, greenhouse gases known as, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC and especially CO2 are released into the atmosphere through activities such as combustion, industrial emission or anaerobic decomposition and they cause an increase in surface temperature and global climate changes due to their high heat absorption capacities.
Both political and scientific studies gained momentum as the countries of the world set the priority for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Developing methods for reducing global carbon emissions; are known as carbon capture and storage are known as (CCS) technologies.
They are mainly classified as pre-combustion, post- combustion and oxyfuel combustion processes. Adsorption, physical and/or chemical absorption, membrane and cryogenic process can be considered as the most common CCS technologies. Porous solid sorbents can be also used for the physical adsorption of carbon dioxide from flue gases, as well. However, these processes are also known to have weaknesses in terms of both selectivity and cyclic operation. More recently, modification of mesaporous materials with amine groups have been shown to be efficient solid adsorbents for CO2 capture. With this review, current scientific studies on the recent advances in carbon sorption applications of silica aerogels has been investigated. The review consists of three main sections: preparation and modification of silica aerogels, literature studies on CO2 sorption performances and future perspectives.
As a result, it has been concluded that amine-modified silica aerogels are promising materials for the carbon capture for the post combustion processes with their superior properties.