The development of new energy management systems for sintering processes with high energy consumption and generally carried out with traditional recipes has become an important research topic nowadays. It has been focused on homogeneous temperature distribution in the furnace used in the sintering process. If the temperature difference is high in the furnace, the internal structure of the materials can show serious changes. In this study, transient numerical design and analysis were carried out from room temperature to 1100 °C. The temperature changes of the samples placed at different locations in the furnace with the dimensions of 1070x1580x1030mm were numerically investigated as transiently. In numerical studies, room temperature and initial furnace temperature were defined as the initial conditions. The boundary conditions are given as heat flux on the heater surfaces and convection outside the furnace. At the end of numerical solutions, temperature values were found inside the furnace and on the samples transiently. It was showed that the temperature differences between the samples were high that is expected at the beginning, but these differences decreased to about 17°C in the steady conditions. Unlike the studies in the literature, the condition of the samples in a protected chamber, not under the influence of direct radiation, was examined and it was observed that the temperature differences decreased by up to 2°C. In the analysis, time-dependent temperature distributions and temperature differences are given comparatively for two different cases.

In this article, the Integrated M-SIW (Microstrip-Substrate Integrated Waveguide) band-pass filter-patch antenna (IMBPF-PA) design with 5.90 GHz resonant frequency and the out-of-band suppression is presented, produced and measured for 5G applications using the CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite program. The out-of-band frequencies in the 1.50-12.00 GHz wide operating frequency region are suppressed in the BPIGF-PA design. The antenna gain increase in the simulation results of the filter-antenna compared to the patch antenna is 0.32% and the in-band frequency range increase is 22%. In the measurement, the antenna gain increase was 0.78% and the in-band frequency range increase was 14.4%.

Increasing hate speech on social media platforms causes psychological disorders and deep and negative effects. Automatic language classification models are needed to detect hate speech. When testing language models for hate speech, imbalanced datasets where one data class is represented much more frequently than the other can be a problem in language datasets. When the dataset is imbalanced, the classifier may be biased towards the majority class and may not perform well in the minority class. This can lead to incorrect or unreliable classification results. To solve this problem, data level balancing methods such as oversampling or undersampling are used to balance the class distribution before classifying the dataset. This study, it is aimed to achieve a successful classification model combination that detects hate speech by using data-level balancing methods. For this, a comprehensive study was carried out by applying the balancing method at eight data levels (random oversampling, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), K-means SMOTE, Localized Random Affine Shadow Sample (LoRAS), Text-based Generative Adversarial Network (TextGAN), Nearmiss, Tomek Links ve Clustering-based) to the Abusive Turkish Comments (ATC) dataset, which has an imbalanced distribution of labels, obtained from Instagram. Classification performances of data level balancing methods were evaluated with Basic Machine Learning (BML) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methods. It has been observed that the CBoW+CNN model based on the TextGAN data-level balancing method, as well as the Skip-gram CNN model, exhibited the best classification performance with a Macro-Averaged F1 score of 0.972.

In this study, the optimum design of the reinforced concrete (RC) footings subject to the axial load and bidirectional flexure was performed by using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. The minimum cost of concrete and steel materials was targeted in the developed approach as the decision variables of foundation dimensions, reinforcement numbers and diameters. In addition to seven different decision variables, eighteen different constraint functions are included in the optimization model for the TS-500 standard requirements. Optimum solutions of many different reinforced concrete footing examples are presented by creating different axial load ratios, eccentricity and allowable bearing value of soil scenarios. It has been shown that a DE-based solution can be used effectively in the optimum design of a reinforced concrete footing

This study will focus on public transportation problems in terms of energy consumption, excessive travel time, and fares. The study seeks the best solutions for such concerns in the Izmir case. It aims to optimize these subjects for the tramway and bus systems, which are comparable in terms of origin and destination points. This study, also, draws attention to the integration issue of the transportation modes. The methods employed in this study are linear programming and sensitivity analysis. For this study, nine routes, which have both tramway and bus lines, were determined. The routes sharing the same transfer points were taken to investigate which transportation type would be the most convenient or useful, what their drawbacks and positive outcomes would be, and which one would be environmentally friendly, with especially the lowest cost. For linear programming, the Solver tool of Microsoft Excel® software was utilized. Initially, the objective functions were identified as minimization of energy consumption, minimization of route length and minimization of passenger costs. The data about energy consumptions, speeds, and passenger volumes were collected are constraints of optimizations. Finally, sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the findings. The best solutions with bus and tram options were found for both passengers and operators. Optimal routes are Fahrettin Altay-Alsancak, Fahrettin Altay-Halkapýnar, Maviþehir-Bostanlý and Egekent-Bostanlý. The study contributes to the literature using the time matrix besides to the transport cost matrix. Thus, this research serves not only for monetary aims but also for environmental and social aims.

In this study, the change of seismic performance was investigated by using linear and nonlinear fluid viscous dampers (FVD) in a mid-rise conventional reinforced concrete (RC) building with torsional irregularity. Analysis models were designed as three-dimensional (3D) and 5-story. In the structural elements of the models, nonlinear behavior was taken into account. A total of 66 bi-directional nonlinear time history dynamic analyzes were performed using 11 spectrum-compatible real earthquake record sets. Linear and nonlinear seismic behavior of fluid viscous dampers were compared with the fixed-base model. These comparisons were made using roof drift ratios, interstory drift ratio, torsion irregularity coefficient and absolute acceleration parameters. The FVD dampers applied diagonally through the height of the building significantly reduced seismic demands compared to the fixed-base model. In addition, the torsional irregularity caused by structural eccentricity was reduced to negligible level by using FVD. The best seismic performance was obtained using nonlinear fluid viscous damper (NFVD).

In recent years, a lot of research has been done on using superplasticizers as a chemical additive in concrete. However, these studies generally compare the effects of superplasticizers on cements of different compositions. This paper presents data from laboratory tests of mortars prepared with different types of cement produced from the same clinker at the same plant. Increasing dosages of superplasticizers (i.e. 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2%) were added to CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, and CEM IV cements produced from the same clinker. The effects of superplasticizers on the workability and strength were analyzed by fresh and hardened mortar tests. The results showed that clinker played the main role when superplasticizer was used. Other modifications made to that cement, had a minor effect only. The use of superplasticizers improved cement behavior, increased flowability and reduced water requirement, regardless of cement type. Moreover, the flexural and compressive strengths increased since the addition of superplasticizers improved the compressibility of the mortar.

In this article, the suitable sites for rainwater harvesting of the Serinhisar watershed were determined by accepting the watershed characteristics affecting the rainwater harvesting as criteria and weighting these criteria. For this purpose, a Geographical Information System (GIS) application integrated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods, was implemented. Firstly, the watershed model was created in the GIS environment and the slope and drainage density criteria were obtained from this model. One of the criteria, the land use data, was combined with the soil class data in the GIS environment to obtain the Curve Number (CN) data. By using this CN data and watershed precipitation data, runoff data and accordingly the last criterion, the runoff potential, were obtained with the Soil Conservation Service – Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method. The criteria, which were given importance and weighted according to each other in the AHP steps by reclassification, were combined in a single map according to their weights and presented as a suitability map.

In this paper, periodic structure theory with the wave approximation is used to present a simple approximate solution technique to characterize wave motions propagating in periodic line-supported cylinders in the circumferential direction. To develop displacement functions that adhere to Floquet's concept, a combination of simple beam functions of the bounding modes(BM)of propagation bands(PB) of a periodic beam are formulated. This study is developed for the motion type known as a plane wave. Consequently, only waves that are simply propagating without attenuation are taken into account. The circumferential modes of a single periodic curved panel (unit cell) have been defined in terms of classical beam functions that satisfy Floquet's wave principle, but the axial modes are thought to be sinusoidal waves. Displacement functions are used to strain energy and kinetic energy expressions. The Rayleigh-Ritz technique is then used to generate the stiffness and mass matrices of the periodic unit cell. By solving the eigenvalue equation, phase-frequency relation is obtained. It has also been possible to predict the bounding frequencies of the PB for various axial modes of a cylindrical shell with a certain circumferential phase constant. The findings are then put through comparison with those outlined in the literature. Further, the bounding frequency results for the optimum periodic curved panel which gives lowest frequency for a given cylindrical shell geometry are also found out. It has been found that the current beam function with a periodic structure (PS) wave approach can find the bounding frequencies (BF) and bounding modes (BM) with reasonable accuracy.

Landslides, one of the natural disaster problems, occur due to slope stability triggered by natural or human activities. Once such mass movements have begun, they are challenging to stop and, in some cases, almost impossible. Geophysical methods are very effective in determining the character and mechanical properties of landslides with a high resolution before or after mass movement. This study aims identifying the landslide that tends to continue in the Çamlýca neighborhood of the Hendek district of Sakarya province by electrical resistivity (ERT), surface waves analysis (MASW-ReMi), and mechanical soil drilling. The low resistivity and low shear wave velocity (Vs) unit in the geophysical sections was determined as a saturated clayey thick cover layer from the borehole log. This clayey unit causes mass movement on the slip surface. Andesite-basalt-containing bedrock unit under the slip surface has been identified as having high resistivity and high velocity in geophysical sections. The integrated use of geophysical methods in this landslide, determined as the progressive mechanism, contributed significantly to the realistic modeling of the landslide internal structure.

In decade, clothing comfort and sustainability has attracted more attention in the clothing industry. Garment fit is a key factor of clothing comfort. The garment fit of the assembled garment mostly depends on fabric properties and the elasticity of the seam. Assembling the fabrics in clothing manufacturing is usually provided with sewing process. Durability required for sustainability of a textile item, depends on the strength of seam and efficiency of the sewing process, as well as on the properties of fabrics. The seam is mostly not enduring part because it is located at the joint part of garment where is exposed to multiaxial forces. Therefore, the tension and stretch values causing deformation in garment and nearby seam line should be given importance. This study aimed to investigate the tension and stretch distributions of the sewn garment pieces in Virtual Garment Simulation. Four different sewn garment pieces were created in Virtual Garment Simulation according to their mechanical properties. A non-contact assessment method was obtained by combining Virtual Garment Simulation and Image Analysis. The tension and stretch distributions maps were compared and analyzed.

In the textile industry, the coloring process is done by dyeing the fabrics obtained from fiber, yarn or weaving, knitting and nonwoven surface methods. Waste water generated after dyeing processes contains dyestuff. Considering the situations such as the inability to reuse waste water and the damages it causes to the ecosystem, dyes should be treated. The treatment of dyestuffs from wastewater can be done by using different biomass by biosorption method. In this study, color removal from aqueous solutions of reactive group Remazol Red dye was investigated by using the biosorption method with sunflower biomass. Optimum values of parameters such as solution pH, amount of biosorbent, initial solution concentration, electrolyte effect, contact time and solution temperature were found by experiments. Color removal was found to be 70% under optimum pH 2 value, 100 ppm initial concentration, 0.1 gr biosorbent amount, 60 minutes working time and room temperature conditions. First and second order pseudo-adsorption kinetics, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied to the experimental data obtained. The biosorption of Remazol Red dye on sunflower biomass was compatible with the pseudo-second order kinetic model, Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and thermodynamic data were evaluated, it was determined that the biosorption occurred spontaneously with negative Gibbs free energy values.

In this work, the effectiveness of the turbulent (three-dimensional trajectory) kinetics of air in the cargo volume of thermal chambers under recirculation conditions is substantiated analytically and practical tests of heat treatment of food products by convection. The object of research is the aerodynamic parameters of the air in the zone of processing of sausage products and the temperature in their geometric center. Analytical studies of heat exchange processes were carried out on the basis of using a system of differential equations with the involvement of criterion dependencies and similarity theory, and full-scale studies were carried out on a prototype of a heat chamber with an improved air distribution system. As an experimental material, dummies of boiled sausages – sausage casings stuffed with sawdust – were used to fill the working space of the thermal chamber. In the industrial scale experiments boiled sausages “Likarska” were used. To improve air distribution, the aerodynamic network was equipped with specially designed equipment located in the upper part of the chamber symmetrically to its longitudinal axis. Uniform distribution of air along the periphery of the chamber was provided by a double-discharge centrifugal fan an air ducts of equal static pressure, heating was provided by finned bimetallic heat exchangers. Converging pyramidal nozzles on heat exchangers divided the air entering the peripheral channels of the chamber into two flat streams with adjustable aerodynamic parameters for a certain influence of each on the nature of air movement near the product. Its rational three-dimensional movement, characterized by the Reynolds criterion equal to 8200, and the product heating unevenness of 2 degrees Celsius, was formed by nozzles with geometry: air compression angle -18 degrees, proportionality coefficient of compressed air separation on the main and side flows -14, and the degree of freedom of the main flow - 9.09. Thus, the implementation of technical solutions for the organization of three-dimensional air kinetics in a heat chamber under recirculation conditions ensured a sufficiently high uniformity of heat supply to processed products, their quality and safety while reducing the total cost of their production. In addition, the accuracy of engineering calculations when designing air distribution systems.